Inversion of control (IoC)

A design principle where the framework calls your code, rather than your code calling the framework — the framework drives the overall flow, not you.

💡 Mental model: Like a hotel's housekeeping schedule deciding when your room gets serviced, not you.

📌 Example: A test framework that calls your setUp() and tearDown() automatically around every test, rather than you calling the framework.

🛠 In practice: Dependency injection is one specific form of IoC — the broader pattern also covers plugin architectures and template methods, where the framework decides when your code runs.

• specific form of Dependency injection (DI)